For media and communication professionals covering disasters and emergencies

Media and communication professionals covering disasters operate within a complex information ecosystem where disinformation, infodemics, and multidimensional hazards intersect. Terminology varies across agencies, academic disciplines, and professional communities, creating barriers to precise and effective communication.

This glossary addresses that fragmentation. It consolidates 100 core terms drawn primarily from disaster risk reduction terminology, infodemic management frameworks, media and information literacy scholarship, and disaster journalism research. Each entry provides a scholarly definition alongside its source and a live URL.

It is intended for journalists, editors, risk communication specialists, infodemic managers, and communication scholars who require a precise reference for disaster-related terminology. The definitions are neutral and educational; they do not constitute legal or regulatory advice.

As hazards, information landscapes, and scholarly understanding evolve, this glossary will be updated. Readers are invited to use it as a reference for research, training, editorial standards, or curriculum development.

Glossary of Terms

1. Information disorder

Framework classifying false or harmful content into misinformation (false, not intended to harm), disinformation (deliberately false and harmful), and malinformation (true information weaponized to harm).

Source: Parliament of Australia, Issues and Insights (2026)
URL: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_departments/Parliamentary_Library/Research/Issues_and_Insights/2026/InformationDisorder

2. Misinformation

False or inaccurate information shared without intent to deceive, including honest mistakes, outdated information, and misattributed content.

Source: WHO infodemic management framework
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

3. Disinformation

Deliberate creation and dissemination of false information with intent to deceive, manipulate, or cause harm.

Source: WHO infodemic management framework
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

4. Malinformation

Accurate information used strategically to inflict harm, often through timing, context manipulation, or selective emphasis.

5. Infodemic

Excess information—true, false, or misleading—in digital and physical environments during an acute event, making it difficult to identify reliable guidance.

Source: WHO definition
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

6. Infodemic management

Systematic approach to prepare for, detect, and mitigate harmful information flows during emergencies through signal detection, verification, risk assessment, and response design.

Source: WHO operational framework
URL: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/363798/WHO-EURO-2022-5842-45607-65433-eng.pdf

7. Information void

Gap between community information needs and available evidence-based communication, creating space for rumor and misinformation.

Source: WHO infodemic guidance
URL: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/363798/WHO-EURO-2022-5842-45607-65433-eng.pdf

8. Rumor

Unverified information circulating without confirmation; distinct from misinformation in that verification has not yet occurred.

Source: WHO infodemic terminology
URL: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/363798/WHO-EURO-2022-5842-45607-65433-eng.pdf

9. Verification

Journalistic and information-management practice of confirming accuracy, source credibility, and contextual integrity before dissemination.

Source: Disaster journalism scholarship
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/journalistic+harms

10. Information ecosystem

Interconnected landscape of information flows, actors, platforms, and trust networks within which infodemics emerge and circulate.

Source: WHO infodemic framework
URL: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/363798/WHO-EURO-2022-5842-45607-65433-eng.pdf

11. Communication ecology

Theoretical framework describing journalism as embedded within dynamic systems of information exchange during crises, emphasizing interaction among media, audiences, and institutions.

Source: Perreault & Perreault, Sage Journals
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/journalistic+harms

12. Metajournalistic discourse

Public and professional conversations in which journalists define, debate, and police the boundaries of legitimate journalistic practice, especially during crises.

Source: Carlson, cited in Perreault & Perreault
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/journalistic+harms

13. Disaster journalism

Specialized practice of reporting on hazards, vulnerabilities, and recovery processes, conceptualized as an integrated component of disaster risk management systems.

Source: Sage Journals, disaster journalism study
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/journalistic+harms

14. Crisis communication

Theoretical and practical field addressing how organizations and media communicate during emergencies to inform, coordinate, and maintain trust.

Source: Disaster journalism scholarship
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/journalistic+harms

15. Bridge and mediator function

Journalists’ operational role in disaster contexts beyond information transmission—facilitating inter-institutional communication, directing aid to unreached areas, and mediating between affected communities and response agencies.

Source: Disaster journalism study, Sage
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/journalistic+harms

16. Information regulator

Conceptualization of institutional journalism as a mechanism that both transmits verified information and halts disinformation propagation during emergencies.

Source: Disaster journalism study
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/journalistic+harms

17. Risk communication

Exchange of information about hazards, risks, and protective actions between authorities, experts, media, and at-risk communities.

Source: WHO RCCE framework
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

18. Community engagement

Involvement of affected populations in designing and delivering risk messages, ensuring relevance, trust, and cultural appropriateness.

Source: WHO RCCE framework
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

19. RCCE (Risk Communication and Community Engagement)

Integrated approach combining risk communication and community engagement to support protective behaviors during emergencies.

Source: WHO operational framework
URL: https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/997ff6c0-c390-4079-85fa-959bf4f4aa17/content

20. Social listening

Systematic monitoring of online and offline conversations to understand community perceptions, concerns, and information needs during emergencies.

Source: WHO infodemic toolkit
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

21. Signal detection

First step in infodemic management: identifying health narratives, questions, and information gaps through monitoring and community feedback.

Source: WHO infodemic toolkit
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

22. Risk assessment (infodemic)

Evaluation of potential harm from false information based on source credibility, spread velocity, and public health impact.

Source: WHO infodemic toolkit
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

23. Trust management

Two-sided process of building, earning, and maintaining trust between authorities and communities, including addressing factors that intentionally or unintentionally erode trust.

Source: WHO infodemic guidance
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

24. Speaking in uncertainty

Communication practice of sharing available evidence while explicitly acknowledging that guidance may change as new knowledge emerges.

Source: WHO RCCE guidance
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

25. Media and Information Literacy (MIL)

Set of competencies enabling individuals to access, analyze, evaluate, create, and act on media and information critically and ethically.

Source: UNESCO MIL framework
URL: https://www.unesco.org/mil4teachers/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2023/10/Part_1_CI%20MIL_CURRICULUM.pdf

26. Critical thinking resilience

Capacity to resist false narratives through analytical skills, source evaluation, and understanding of media construction.

Source: UNESCO climate disinformation initiative
URL: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/countering-climate-disinformation-africa-through-media-and-information-literacy

27. Media literacy education (MLE)

Pedagogical practice developing informed, reflective, and engaged media participants through analysis, creation, and critical questioning.

Source: Media literacy curriculum frameworks
URL: https://www.unesco.org/mil4teachers/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2023/10/Part_1_CI%20MIL_CURRICULUM.pdf

28. Media literacy key concepts

Foundational principles: media messages are constructed; creative language has rules; audiences interpret differently; media embed values; media are organized for profit/power.

Source: Media literacy scholarship
URL: https://www.unesco.org/mil4teachers/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2023/10/Part_1_CI%20MIL_CURRICULUM.pdf

29. Critical questions (media literacy)

Analytical framework asking: Who created this? What techniques are used? How might different people understand it? What values are represented/omitted? Why is this being sent?

Source: Media literacy framework
URL: https://www.unesco.org/mil4teachers/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2023/10/Part_1_CI%20MIL_CURRICULUM.pdf

30. Semiotic and cultural skills

Media literacy competencies involving use and interpretation of signs, symbols, and cultural conventions in media creation and reception.

Source: Media literacy conceptual framework
URL: https://www.unesco.org/mil4teachers/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2023/10/Part_1_CI%20MIL_CURRICULUM.pdf

31. Communication competences

Skills enabling effective dissemination of messages to target audiences, including evaluation of relevance and adaptation to audience responses.

Source: Media literacy conceptual framework
URL: https://www.unesco.org/mil4teachers/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2023/10/Part_1_CI%20MIL_CURRICULUM.pdf

32. Disaster risk reduction (DRR) terminology

Standardized vocabulary for understanding hazards, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, and resilience, developed to promote common understanding across disciplines.

Source: UNDRR terminology
URL: https://www.undrr.org/drr-glossary

33. Hazard

Process, phenomenon, or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury, or damage; classified into natural, technological, and biological types.

Source: UNDRR DRR glossary
URL: https://www.undrr.org/drr-glossary

34. Exposure

People, property, systems, or assets located in hazard-prone areas that could be adversely affected.

Source: UNDRR DRR glossary
URL: https://www.undrr.org/drr-glossary

35. Vulnerability

Physical, social, economic, and environmental conditions that increase susceptibility to hazard impacts; includes factors that reduce capacity to cope.

Source: UNDRR definition
URL: https://www.undrr.org/drr-glossary

36. Capacity

Positive factors and resources that enable individuals, communities, or systems to cope with, adapt to, and recover from hazards.

Source: UNDRR DRR glossary
URL: https://www.undrr.org/drr-glossary

37. Resilience

Ability of systems, communities, or individuals to absorb disturbance, reorganize, and maintain essential functions during and after hazards.

Source: UNDRR DRR glossary
URL: https://www.undrr.org/drr-glossary

38. Disaster risk

Potential loss of life, injury, or damaged assets resulting from hazard events, determined by hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and capacity interactions.

Source: UNDRR DRR glossary
URL: https://www.undrr.org/drr-glossary

39. Risk assessment

Process of identifying hazards, analyzing exposure and vulnerability, and evaluating potential impacts to inform risk reduction decisions.

Source: UNDRR DRR glossary
URL: https://www.undrr.org/drr-glossary

40. Risk perception

Subjective judgment about the likelihood and severity of hazards, influenced by experience, trust, media exposure, and cultural factors.

Source: Risk communication scholarship
URL: https://www.undrr.org/drr-glossary

41. Hazard interrelationship

Recognition that hazards do not occur in isolation; compound events (e.g., drought-wildfire-landslide sequences) require integrated analysis.

Source: National Academies workshop
URL: https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/27933/chapter/11

42. Cascading risk

Process whereby one hazard triggers secondary hazards (e.g., earthquake → tsunami → infrastructure failure), creating compound crises requiring layered communication.

Source: National Academies workshop
URL: https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/27933/chapter/11

43. Multi-hazard early warning system

Integrated system covering multiple hazards and their interactions, with four pillars: risk knowledge, monitoring, dissemination, and response capability.

Source: UNDRR/PreventionWeb
URL: https://www.preventionweb.net/media/83425

44. Risk knowledge (early warning pillar)

Understanding of hazards, exposure, and vulnerability that underpins effective warning systems; identified as the weakest pillar globally.

Source: PreventionWeb SIDS report
URL: https://www.preventionweb.net/media/83425

45. Impact-based forecasting

Shift from forecasting “what the weather will be” to “what the weather will do,” emphasizing human and infrastructure impacts.

Source: Meteochile Blog (2025)
URL: https://blog.meteochile.gob.cl/2025/06/27/un-pronostico-de-alto-impacto/

46. Anticipatory action

Protective measures taken before a hazard strikes based on forecasts, including pre-positioning resources and evacuation.

Source: UNDRR training
URL: https://www.undrr.org/drr-glossary

47. Evacuation behavior

Decision-making process regarding whether, when, and how to evacuate, influenced by trust, past experience, social cues, and risk perception.

Source: National Academies workshop
URL: https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/27933/chapter/11

48. Warning response

Actions taken by individuals and communities upon receiving hazard warnings, including protective behavior and information-seeking.

Source: Risk communication scholarship
URL: https://www.preventionweb.net/media/83425

49. Last-mile risk information delivery

Ensuring warnings reach the most remote, marginalized, or disconnected populations.

Source: WHO RCCE guidance
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

50. Inclusive risk communication

Communication that reaches and respects diverse populations, including disabled, elderly, poor, ethnic minorities, and linguistic minorities.

Source: WHO RCCE guidance
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

51. Bilingual disaster communication

Delivery of warnings and safety information in multiple languages to reach linguistically diverse populations.

Source: WHO RCCE guidance
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

52. Low-bandwidth content

Disaster information formatted for low-connectivity environments: infographics, SMS-compatible messages, simple visuals.

Source: WHO RCCE guidance
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

53. Accessible content production

Creating disaster information in formats usable by people with disabilities, low literacy, or sensory impairments.

Source: WHO RCCE guidance
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

54. Trauma-informed journalism

Interviewing and reporting practices minimizing re-traumatization of disaster survivors, including informed consent and emotional safety.

Source: Japanese Journal of Traumatic Stress
URL: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jstsstrauma/23/2/23_2/_pdf/-char/en

55. Secondary traumatic stress

Psychological toll on journalists from witnessing or repeatedly engaging with disaster trauma; symptoms similar to PTSD.

Source: Sage Journalism study
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/journalistic+harms

56. Compassion fatigue

Emotional and physical exhaustion from prolonged exposure to others’ suffering, affecting journalists covering disasters and crises.

Source: Disaster journalism scholarship
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/journalistic+harms

57. Moral injury

Psychological damage from witnessing or participating in events violating one’s moral beliefs; relevant to journalists covering disasters.

Source: Sage Journalism study
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/journalistic+harms

58. Professional resilience

Capacity of journalists to maintain function and recover from disaster coverage challenges, including psychological and operational dimensions.

Source: Disaster journalism study
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/journalistic+harms

59. Psychological burden (journalists)

Cumulative mental health impact of disaster reporting, often exacerbated by institutional support deficiencies.

Source: Disaster journalism study
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/journalistic+harms

60. Gender-sensitive disaster research

Recognition that female journalists face distinct challenges in disaster coverage, including accommodation, security, and basic needs.

Source: Disaster journalism study
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/journalistic+harms

61. Communication infrastructure

Technical and organizational systems enabling information transmission during disasters; mountainous terrain and network failures create specific challenges.

Source: Disaster journalism study
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/keyword/journalistic+harms

62. Platform fact-checking failure

Systemic absence of fact-checking on social media platforms during extreme weather events (Meta 98%, X 99%, YouTube 100% unchecked).

Source: CCDH report
URL: https://www.preventionweb.net/news/meta-x-youtube-threaten-public-safety-enabling-and-profiting-false-claims-during-catastrophic

63. Misinformation amplification

Platform algorithms and policy environments that increase visibility and spread of false disaster content.

Source: CCDH report
URL: https://www.preventionweb.net/news/meta-x-youtube-threaten-public-safety-enabling-and-profiting-false-claims-during-catastrophic

64. Verified account disinformation

Phenomenon of verification-badged accounts responsible for majority of misleading disaster posts on X (88%).

Source: CCDH report
URL: https://www.preventionweb.net/news/meta-x-youtube-threaten-public-safety-enabling-and-profiting-false-claims-during-catastrophic

65. AI-generated disaster imagery

Synthetic images created by generative AI depicting fake disaster scenes, often realistic enough to deceive audiences.

Source: UNESCO Bangkok
URL: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/countering-climate-disinformation-africa-through-media-and-information-literacy

66. Deepfake detection

Methods for identifying AI-manipulated video or audio, including lip-sync analysis, blinking patterns, and resolution inconsistencies.

Source: UNESCO Bangkok
URL: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/countering-climate-disinformation-africa-through-media-and-information-literacy

67. Impersonation deception

Disinformation strategy posing as legitimate news outlets, government agencies, or emergency services.

Source: Better Internet for Kids (EU)
URL: https://better-internet-for-kids.europa.eu/en

68. Source chain investigation

Tracing origin and spread path of viral content to identify original poster, verify credibility, and detect manipulation.

Source: Better Internet for Kids (EU)
URL: https://better-internet-for-kids.europa.eu/en

69. Geographic intelligence verification

Confirming location shown in footage through landmarks, terrain, and geographic features cross-referenced with maps and satellite data.

Source: FactLink workshop
URL: https://www.factlink.tw/p/rti-factlink-journalist-capacity

70. Satellite imagery verification

Using satellite and aerial imagery to confirm or debunk disaster extent, damage, and geographic claims.

Source: FactLink workshop
URL: https://www.factlink.tw/p/rti-factlink-journalist-capacity

71. Metadata verification

Examining EXIF data and embedded metadata to confirm capture time, device, and location, or detect manipulation.

Source: BBC Editorial Guidelines
URL: https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidance/user-generated-and-social-media-content

72. User-generated content verification

Standardized workflows for verifying photos, videos, and testimony submitted by the public before publication.

Source: BBC Editorial Guidelines
URL: https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidance/user-generated-and-social-media-content

73. Situated verification

Local journalists’ practice of stabilizing information ecosystems through territorial familiarity and institutional triangulation.

Source: Buoncompagni, Journalism & Media (2026)
URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5172/7/1/58

74. Epistemic mediator

Conceptualization of local journalists as actors who mediate between information sources, institutions, and communities during disasters.

Source: Buoncompagni, Journalism & Media (2026)
URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5172/7/1/58

75. Proximity effects (misinformation)

Geographic and temporal closeness to a disaster increases likelihood of sharing both accurate and false information.

Source: Zhai, Taylor & Francis (2023)
URL: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003294563-12/natural-disasters-meet-rumours-social-media-wei-zhai

76. Demographic similarity (correction behavior)

People more likely to accept corrections from demographically similar sources.

Source: Zhai, Taylor & Francis (2023)
URL: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003294563-12/natural-disasters-meet-rumours-social-media-wei-zhai

77. Crowd-based detection

Leveraging collective intelligence of online communities to identify and debunk false information faster than individual fact-checkers.

Source: Martel & Rand, Sage (2025)
URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17456916231218798

78. Sentiment analysis (rumors)

Computational tracking of emotional tone and spread patterns to predict which rumors will go viral.

Source: Zhai, Taylor & Francis (2023)
URL: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003294563-12/natural-disasters-meet-rumours-social-media-wei-zhai

79. Feedback loop (misinformation-behavior)

How false information changes behavior, generating new information and rumors, creating self-reinforcing cycles.

Source: Better Internet for Kids (EU)
URL: https://better-internet-for-kids.europa.eu/en

80. Institutional standard operating procedures

Pre-defined protocols for media organizations during emergencies, covering staffing, editorial decisions, and safety.

Source: UNESCO Model Plan
URL: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/new-chapter-shaping-disaster-prepared-media-sector-being-launched-unesco

81. Editorial policy (disaster coverage)

Guidelines governing tone, graphic content, victim privacy, and speed-verification balance.

Source: UNESCO Model Plan
URL: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/new-chapter-shaping-disaster-prepared-media-sector-being-launched-unesco

82. Solution-oriented journalism

Reporting that includes responses, innovations, and what works to empower audiences rather than overwhelm them.

Source: ScienceDirect study
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420924009294

83. Accountability journalism

Investigating decisions, failures, and responsibilities before, during, and after disasters to hold power accountable.

Source: UNDRR training
URL: https://www.undrr.org/drr-glossary

84. Post-disaster accountability framework

Five questions: What happened? Why? Who was affected? What was the response? What must change?

Source: UNDRR training
URL: https://www.undrr.org/drr-glossary

85. Vulnerability framing

Reporting that explains differential risk based on who was exposed and why they were vulnerable.

Source: ScienceDirect study
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420924009294

86. Underlying risk drivers

Root causes of disaster risk: poverty, inequality, poor planning, environmental degradation, governance failures.

Source: UNDRR training
URL: https://www.undrr.org/drr-glossary

87. Social vulnerability

Pre-existing social inequalities (poverty, race, disability) determining who suffers most in disasters.

Source: UNDRR training
URL: https://www.undrr.org/drr-glossary

88. Temporal framing

Whether disasters are presented as exceptional events or predictable climate-linked outcomes.

Source: ScienceDirect study
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420924009294

89. Economic framing

How media frames disasters as one-off losses versus resilience investment opportunities.

Source: ScienceDirect study
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420924009294

90. Forward-looking resilience narrative

Disaster journalism examining how communities can rebuild more resiliently and what policy changes are needed.

Source: ScienceDirect study
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420924009294

91. Gender-transformative MIL

Media literacy approaches actively challenging gender stereotypes and promoting equality in disaster coverage.

Source: UNESCO Kenya workshop
URL: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/kenyan-media-leaders-empowered-address-misinformation-and-disinformation

92. Newsroom MIL integration

Embedding media literacy into daily newsroom practice as standard editorial workflow rather than separate training.

Source: UNESCO Kenya workshop
URL: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/kenyan-media-leaders-empowered-address-misinformation-and-disinformation

93. Fact-checking as core practice

Positioning verification as defining professional activity, especially during crises.

Source: UNESCO Kenya workshop
URL: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/kenyan-media-leaders-empowered-address-misinformation-and-disinformation

94. “Showing your workings”

Publicly demonstrating verification process—sources checked, tools used—to build audience trust and model practice.

Source: BBC Editorial Guidelines
URL: https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidance/user-generated-and-social-media-content

95. Platform governance

Rules, enforcement, and accountability structures for managing harmful content on social media.

Source: UNESCO Kenya workshop
URL: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/kenyan-media-leaders-empowered-address-misinformation-and-disinformation

96. Online gender-based violence (journalists)

Targeted harassment and threats female journalists face when covering disasters, exacerbated online.

Source: UNESCO Kenya workshop
URL: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/kenyan-media-leaders-empowered-address-misinformation-and-disinformation

97. Editorial leadership (newsroom culture)

How editors and news directors set tone for ethical, accurate, trauma-informed disaster coverage.

Source: UNESCO Kenya workshop
URL: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/kenyan-media-leaders-empowered-address-misinformation-and-disinformation

98. Climate disinformation

Deliberate false narratives about climate change undermining scientific consensus and obstructing response.

Source: UNESCO Africa
URL: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/countering-climate-disinformation-africa-through-media-and-information-literacy

99. Scientific uncertainty communication

Sharing latest evidence while acknowledging guidance may change as knowledge evolves.

Source: WHO RCCE guidance
URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/policy-briefs/policy-brief_covid-19_rcce.pdf

100. Post-disaster mental health (audiences)

Recognizing disaster coverage itself can cause distress; reporting that informs without traumatizing.

Source: Japanese Journal of Traumatic Stress
URL: https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jstsstrauma/23/2/23_2/_pdf/-char/en

This glossary is provided for educational and research purposes. Terms are drawn from disaster risk reduction terminology, infodemic management frameworks, media and information literacy scholarship, and disaster journalism research. Communication professionals should adapt definitions to their specific regulatory, editorial, and institutional contexts.